![]() ![]() ![]() These so-called ‘abzymes’ have significant potential both as novel industrial catalysts and in therapeutics. ![]() In the same decade, biochemists also developed the technology to generate antibodies that possess catalytic properties. These RNAs, which are called ribozymes, play an important role in gene expression. For the next 60 years or so it was believed that all enzymes were proteins, but in the 1980s it was found that some ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules are also able to exert catalytic effects. In the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, significant advances were made in the extraction, characterization and commercial exploitation of many enzymes, but it was not until the 1920s that enzymes were crystallized, revealing that catalytic activity is associated with protein molecules. The word ‘enzyme’ was first used by the German physiologist Wilhelm Kühne in 1878, when he was describing the ability of yeast to produce alcohol from sugars, and it is derived from the Greek words en (meaning ‘within’) and zume (meaning ‘yeast’). For example, they have important roles in the production of sweetening agents and the modification of antibiotics, they are used in washing powders and various cleaning products, and they play a key role in analytical devices and assays that have clinical, forensic and environmental applications. They can also be extracted from cells and then used to catalyse a wide range of commercially important processes. Chapter 6: Enzyme Principles and Biotechnological Applications 6.1 The Nature and Classification of Enzymes 6.2 Enzyme Names and Classification 6.3 Enzyme Structure and Substrate Binding 6.4 Enzymes and Reaction Equilibrium 6.5 Properties and Mechanisms of Enzyme Action 6.6 Enzymes are Affected by pH and Temperature 6.7 Enzymes are Sensitive to InhibitorsĦ.8 Allosteric Regulators and the Control of Enzyme Activity 6.9 Origin, Purification, and Uses of EnzymesĦ.1 The Nature and Classification of EnzymesĮnzymes are biological catalysts (also known as biocatalysts) that speed up biochemical reactions in living organisms. ![]()
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